College essay: Psychoanalysis essay

Psychoanalysis essay

Their models do not entirely refute each other, psychoanalysis essay they do propose distinctly different interior roadmaps of the human psyche as well as very different pathways by which core psychic structures develop. Character From a Movie Gordon Words: Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper : Freud collaborated with a number of analysts and set up the Vienna …, psychoanalysis essay. What is the main theme of psychoanalytic theory? The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis.

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Abstract- The article brings out the essence of Bellis perennis. Development of a Bellis perennis personality has been outlined. Mental symptoms of the remedy are related with physical symptoms. Bellis perennis compared with other allied remedies. Introduction- Bellis Perennis is our common everyday daisy. Psychoanalysis Psychological Disorders. The first episode tv series Introduction There are many ways to conduct therapy, in this essay I will start off by giving insight on what is Psychoanalytic theory and then critically discuss a few ways of conducting therapy which are relational psychoanalysis psychotherapy, intersubjectivity and the analytic third.

I will Intersubjectivity Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy. Psychedelics have a deep seated history in various indigenous groups across the world for the purposes of obtaining enlightenment and divination. As a result of the past ignorance and social stigmas surrounding mind altering substances our knowledge is still limited and the field of study Medicaid Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy. Advertisements have now become a less aggressive version of propaganda. The reason for this is the relationship that developed between Sigmund Freud and his nephew Edward Bernays. In the movie titled, The Century of the Self, we learn about how Bernays took the ideas of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Theory Social Psychology.

Anders Breivik On the 22nd of July , Anders Breivik, a Norwegian man killed 77 people at a Norwegian labour party. It was a tragic event for Norway, as it is mainly known for its calm and quiet nature. This goes to show that even Human Behavior Psychoanalysis. Gender Psychoanalysis Sons and Lovers. Eva Luna, written by Isabelle Allende, is comprised of Novel Psychoanalysis. While not the only contribution Freud made to theories of the subconscious mind, neo-Freudians recognized that psychoanalysis had potential to be and do much more than just guide clients to the sexual symbolism in their dreams or help clients become aware of their Oedipal urges.

Some neo-Freudians…. References Eagle, M. Psychoanalysis and its critics. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24 1 , 10— Overskeid, G. Looking for Skinner and finding Freud. American Psychologist, 62 6 , — Schultz, W. Why Freud and Jung broke up. Introduction Few 20th century thinkers were as controversial, or as influential, as Sigmund Freud. Some of the main themes in Neo-Freudian discourse include self-awareness, the drivers of behavior, and the application of therapeutic techniques. Self-awareness had been one of the goals of Freudian psychoanalysis. The Neo-Freudians helped show why….

References Axelrod, S. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32 4 , — Eagle, M. Hall, C. Social psychological theories: Adler, Fromm, Horney, and Sullivan. In Theories of personality pp. Scaturo, D. Clinical dilemmas in psychotherapy: A transtheoretical approach to psychotherapy integration. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Weaver, Y. Mid-life - A time of crisis or new possibilities? Existential Analysis, 20 1 , 69— Although Freud did not test his theories empirically, on a conceptual level, these five stages do make some sense. Progression through the five stages is impeded when a person becomes fixated, their libido or drive directed towards self-fulfillment.

Tension between what the id wants especially instant gratification of any desire , and what the superego believes it should have creates neuroses, according to Freud. While I believe all of these stages have relevance to all people, some people are impacted by the stages differently. Common lore in psychoanalysis is that oral fixations can lead to oral habits in adults, such as overeating or…. The church had taught Luther that the Earth was the center of the universe and he pretty much had bought into everything that was laid before him in schools and church. Then, after receiving his master or arts in , and while still willing to pursue his father's dream for him to go into law , he began to become melancholy a best friend died; two of his brothers died of the plague and very sad.

On July 2, , while on his way back to college at Erfurt, he encountered a thunderstorm as mentioned earlier in the paper and when lightning struck the ground near him he was "seized by a severe, some say convulsive, state of terror" p. Luther claims to have called out at that moment, "Help me, St. I want to become a monk. Works Cited Erikson, Erik H. Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. Sharkey, Wendy. Retrieved 25 Oct. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a more current theory than classical psychotherapy. This theory is based upon the reaction of the mind to external stimuli, and how this is internalized. The cognitive reaction to stimuli then manifests as behavior. When behavior becomes extreme or destructive, it is unacceptable, and therapy becomes necessary.

Therapy focuses upon finding the stimuli that originally caused the behavior. Much like client-centered therapy, the responsibility for healing lies with the client. The therapist's role is merely to guide the client towards the target behavior. One of the ways in which to do this is to provide the client with gradual behavior modification exercises until the target behavior is reached. The role of the subconscious is based upon habit-forming cognitive activities. Perpetual external stimuli will for example form habits. Good habits can be formed by means of gradual cognitive-behavioral therapy. My tendency is to prefer the cognitive-behavioral theory.

Humanism takes the position that the human intellect is sufficient to deduce moral principles and that all human beings have the same natural right to dignity and personal autonomy. The humanistic perspective does not absolutely reject the underlying principles of psychoanalytical theory, but places more focus on conscious self-reflection than on any assumption that the roots of all human conduct is necessarily a function of repressed trauma, sexual urges, and unresolved psychological conflicts. Humanism also rejects anthropocentrism in that it does not consider human life to be different in kind from other biological life forms, but only different in degree of development and complexity. Existentialism: Existentialism rejects many of the same concepts as humanism in the realm of religious or supernatural sources of human morality.

Whereas humanists start with an assumption that human beings are inherently good and that the prosperity of human societies is necessarily good, existentialism recognizes no…. Grey with a way to accommodate the needs of their Ids and their Superegos. Their Superegos imposed the societal constraints on sexual relationships, which would drive both Lee and Mr. Grey to enter into monogamous sexual relationships. Their Ids drove Lee and Mr. Grey to seek immediate gratification of their aggressive urges through sexual behavior. By entering into a relationship with each other that allows them to fulfill both needs, Lee and Mr.

Grey allow their Egos to reconcile the needs of their Ids and Superegos. Furthermore, the Secretary addresses the issue of sexuality, and highlights the intimate relationship between sexuality and aggression. The unusual thing about the Secretary is that it demonstrates that a relationship that might be viewed as deviant was actually helpful to both members of the relationship. Prior to becoming involved with one another, Lee and Mr. Grey are both in pretty bad shape. Lee was…. Labor ehavioral Therapy vs. Freud's Psychoanalysis Amazing advances have been made in the treatment of mental illness throughout the years Merck, An understanding of what causes some mental health disorders has resulted in a greater sophistication in customizing treatment to the underlying basis of specific disorders.

Thus, many mental health disorders can now be treated almost as successfully as physical disorders. Most treatment methods for mental health disorders are either categorized as somatic or psychotherapeutic Merck, Somatic treatments include drug therapy and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychotherapeutic treatments include individual, group, or family and marital psychotherapy; behavior therapy techniques; and hypnotherapy. There are many others, as well Research reveals that for major mental health disorders, a treatment plan involving both drugs and psychotherapy is more effective than either treatment method on its own.

This paper will discuss two treatment methods -- behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis -- in an effort to…. Bibliography American Psychoanalytic Association About psychoanalysis. Beystehner, K. Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality. Northwestern University. Guterman, J. July Doing mental health counseling: A social constructionist re-vision. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. American Mental Health Counselors Association. Individual Therapies. Philosophy If Freud, in his Psychoanalysis Theory, believes that each person - from infancy - represses impulses or desires, which its parents reject - and shuts these unwanted impulses out into the unconscious. These are what he calls repressed thoughts.

He suggests that, since this process happens throughout life, that infant grows into adulthood, doing things out of the command of those repressed impulses and desires in the unconscious mind. He concludes that the only way a person with overwhelming repressed material can be cured is for an expert therapist to access his unconscious and bring these repressed material to his conscious awareness. And because it is not conscious, and therefore not within the conscious control of the person, he cannot be responsible for what he does from the irresistible command of his unconscious. This makes Freud a determinist in that he believes that human nature, rather than reason, determines….

Bibliography Lavine, Thelma Z. From Socrates to Sartre: the Philosophic Quest. reissue edition. Bantam Books, Stevenson, Leslie. SevenTheories of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, second edition, It also means that people don't have free will necessarily because behaviorism believes that feelings and thoughts don't cause people to behave in certain ways. Classical conditioning can be best understood by the example of Pavlov's dogs. Pavlov's dogs were discovered salivating by the mere sound of the people with food coming rather.

In other words, they were reacting to a neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, is more about reward and punishment Donaldson Operant conditioning works because sometimes the subject is rewarded and sometimes not and this has found to be very successful the most successful, in fact in conditioning. For example, if one sometimes gives dogs food off their plate and sometimes not, the dog will be conditioned to wait always for the food because sometimes he gets it. The term 'mental illness' is a culturally bound term. What is considered a mental illness in…. References American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Donaldson, J. Oh, behave! Dogwise Publishing. Mitchell, S. Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought.

Basic Books. Piaget, J. The psychology of intelligence. slang term for psychoanalysis in popular culture is 'talk therapy. However, various other forms of psychological counseling have developed and evolved since psychoanalysis was conceived in Vienna, Austria. It has become acknowledged that human beings are not simply minds attached to bodies, but that the treatment of the body affects the mind and vice versa. Perhaps the most famous examples of Freud's determination that the mind was an isolated entity was his insistence that women alleging sexual abuse at the hands of male relatives were merely expressing female fantasies of sexual involvement with their attackers rather than recounting actual episodes.

Now, the difficulty of healing the body and the mind that have…. Works Cited Brown, Molly Young. The Unfolding Self: Psychosynthesis and Counseling. New York: Psychosynthesis Press, Levy, Fran J. Dance Movement Therapy: A Healing Art. New York: American Alliance for Health, Introduction Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic, transpersonal, and existential HTE psychology are the three primary movements in the study of the human experience. Each of these movements uses different research methodologies and epistemologies, and each focuses on different aspects of the human experience. Moreover, each of these movements presents unique therapeutic interventions and goals in the field of psychology.

With each having contributed tremendously to the social sciences, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology can also be integrated for a richer understanding of human consciousness and the human condition. Historical Context and Rationale Although inquiries into the human experience can be traced through the disciplines of philosophy and religion, the first scientific, empirical studies of human nature and behavior began more concertedly in the nineteenth century. William Wundt opened the first real laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychology…. Psychoanalytic Model Discusses the foundations and components of psychoanalysis People today are familiar with psychoanalysis after its wide rejection as well as adulation for years.

Paradoxically, the success realized in the 5th decade, particularly in Europe, divorced it from its core principles. It spread widely but not because of the attention drawn for its therapy methods. It can be said that therapy was duly overshadowed due to its application in other fields. Psychoanalysis is used in sociology, literature, anthropology, mythology, religion and ethnology. Psychoanalysis is applied jointly in three areas: as a way of investigating the mind, particularly the unconscious mind; a neurosis therapy that is inspired by the method above; as an independent discipline which is based on knowledge gotten from the application of investigative methods as well as clinical experiences.

Psychoanalytical science is highlighted by Freud in his study Totem and Taboo where he dives into anthropological and…. Bibliography Abend, S. Arlow, J. Grossman, W. Freud and Horney: A Study of Psychoanalytic Models via the Analysis of a Controversy[. The Analytic Press. pdf Psychoanalysis in Theory and Practice. Psychoanalytic Theory Approach The first step in determining the goals of any counselling is to determine whether the individual needs counselling or other forms of interventions and in this case study, it is apparent that the year-old client whose origin is Guatemala needs counselling. There are several goals that are to be met in the counselling session, one of them being the enhancement of the coping skills of the new mother with a one-year-old son who just lost her job as a loan officer as well as the coping with the new life in the U.

The intervention tat will be used here is strengthening the ties between the mother and the son through designing schedule of activities that will make the social life of the two more interactive and interdependent. This interdependency will make the mother develop close ties that she would not want to see the son suffer…. References Hongu Nobuko et. al, Behavior Change Strategies for Successful Long-Term Weight Loss: Focusing on Dietary and Physical Activity Adherence, Not Weight Loss. php Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Psychoanalysis. Mourning and Melancholia," the "father of psychoanalysis" meditated on how the human psyche deals with loss. While melancholia and mourning share many of the same surface traits, the two are very different.

Mourning," he wrote, "is regularly the reaction to the loss of a loved person. If anything interferes with mourning, the result can be damaging. Melancholia, on the other hand, is identified by Freud as a pathological illness, which results from an inability to recover from a loss and return to normalcy. Therefore, "the complex of melancholia behaves like an open wound," a wound that will not heal. Douglas Crimp, an art critic, used Freud's essay in promoting AIDS activism. In , Crimp wrote and essay of his own, titled "Mourning and Militancy" which implied…. Bibliography Freud's Collected Papers. Crimp, Douglas. Archer, John. The Nature of Grief.

Psychoanalysis The opening phase of dynamic psychotherapy helps the therapist to understand why the patient is seeking treatment; what kind of triggers to current problems are present; and house troubled the patient is in terms of both physical and psychological health text p. Yalom allows for several sessions of introductory therapy, also in keeping with the psychodynamic model. At this introductory phase, the therapist gets an idea of what treatment options to present and how to proceed. Yalom also determines the frequency of the treatment in the introductory phase text p. The core way that the relationship between Yalom and Carlos exemplifies psychodynamic therapy is in regards to the transference neurosis, which intensifies in therapy text p.

However, transference is worked through as a core element of the therapeutic process. In the case with Carlos, neurotic transference is exemplified most clearly in the way…. Yalom , I. New York: Basic, As people progress through the stages of psychosocial development, they may get fixated due to suppressed desires. As all desires is driven by libido, according to Freud, any fixation can become a sexual fixation. Thus, being fixated at the oral stage would theoretically predispose one to have some type of oral fetish. Abnormal sexual behavior can be traced to fixation or stagnation, a neurosis that is due to a previous difficulty at one of the stages of development. Therefore, I do not necessarily agree with the details of the theory.

This reveals the more liberated ideals of the west and of the pioneer culture. First, Alexandra envisions herself "being lifted and carried lightly by some one very strong. He was with her a long while this time, and carried her very far, and in his arms she felt free from pain. She is about to be subsumed by the ethereal lover. The man is now being veiled, his "face was covered. Works Cited Brown, Dee Alexander. The Gentle Tamers: Women of the Old Wild West. University of Nebraska Press, Cather, Willa. O Pioneers! htm The Chronicle, San Francisco. html Jameson, Elizabeth. Diversity and Psychology There were two major developments that influenced the field of psychology and the professions' views regarding multicultural competence, emphasized in Knapp and VandeCreek said of these new guidelines that they articulate a need for greater sensitivity regarding linguistic and cultural minorities.

The development of the new Code of Ethics and the APA's positioning were purported to be in response to a long awaited recognition of the need for…. Bibliography American Psychological Association Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologist. American Psychologist, 58 5 , Barbour, I. When science meets religion: Enemies, strangers, partners? San Francisco: Harper. Blumenthal, A. A Wundt primer: The operating characteristics of consciousness. Anna Freud: Psychoanalyst and Pioneer Anna Freud is considered a pioneer in the development of child psychoanalysis.

Her work focused on how the ego functions in averting anxiety and painful ideas, impulses and feelings. Many credit her as being one of the primary ego psychoanalysts that stepped 'outside of the block' and delivered a fresh and new perspective on the psychology of personality. Among her more memorable works included" The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence" which challenges traditional psychoanalytic thought. Her contributions are primarily in the realm of child therapy. Biographical Sketch An Austrian-British psychoanalyst, Anna Freud was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha Wesley, She is most well-known for her work with children.

Born in Vienna in , Freud first worked as…. References: Freud Museum. htm Boeree, C. Therapeutic communities are important and valuable tools, but certainly not for all patients. Often, the community is made up of a certain ward or unit of the hospital, rather than the entire facility. Clearly, some patients, such as those suffering from serious debilitating diseases such as dementia or severe schizophrenia might not be physically or mentally able to exist in such a facility. However, for others, who have specific issues or health problems, and are in the facility hoping for a cure, the community concept can help them become more sure of themselves, more able to function outside the facility, and give them confidence in their decision-making abilities.

Often this term describes those in a substance abuse facility, but it can relate to other disorders and treatment facilities as well. Some of these communities are all group based, while others combine individual counseling and therapy with group activities. The main…. References Butler, Gillian, and Freda McManus. Psychology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Smith, David L. Approaching Psychoanalysis: An Introductory Course. London: Karnac Books, Men also possessed social status that women did not have, enabling the perpetuation of a patriarchal society. y applying Freudian psychoanalysis and feminist theory, I will analyze the personality of the independent, strong, risk taker, and smart Alexandra ergson in Willa Cather's O Pioneer!

As Smith points out in Freud's Philosophy of the Unconscious, the psychoanalytic model lends insight into the underlying psychic forces promoting personal and collective change. With regards to a singular female like Alexandra ergson, psychoanalysis takes into account the protagonist's family background, tracing her ego development across the course of her lifetime starting with childhood. The significance of my research is that it studies the possibility of female's success in life under certain circumstances and refutes the outmoded opinion that suggests the…. By applying Freudian psychoanalysis and feminist theory, I will analyze the personality of the independent, strong, risk taker, and smart Alexandra Bergson in Willa Cather's O Pioneer!

With regards to a singular female like Alexandra Bergson, psychoanalysis takes into account the protagonist's family background, tracing her ego development across the course of her lifetime starting with childhood. The significance of my research is that it studies the possibility of female's success in life under certain circumstances and refutes the outmoded opinion that suggests the leadership is a male-specific quality. Cather creates an overtly political novel with O Pioneer! As her protagonist single-handedly proves that women can be completely self-determined and self-reliant. This would have been a revolutionary view when Cather first published her novel. The novel O Pioneer! By Willa Cather, one of the greatest American women writers, is a good illustration for the frontier literature in general, regardless of its political views on gender.

However, Cather differentiates herself from her contemporaries and other writers in the Wild West genre, by stressing the other half of the human race: the half that is typically excluded from histories and literature alike. Cather accomplishes what Robinson comments on in "Treason Our Text," a feminist challenge to the accepted and established literary canon. The established canon of literature propagated by mainstream academia is a decidedly and unapologetically patriarchal one; that is, until the second wave of feminism Robinson. It is therefore important to appreciate Cather's novel within her own historical context, which makes O Pioneer!

truly revolutionary. Cather, although certainly not the first or only female American novelist, expands the canon of American literature by addressing the social, political, and economic worldviews from a more global and inclusive perspective, one that takes into account the lives of half of humanity. Patriarchal literature limits itself to constructing women out of stereotypes and projections of feminine ideals and mystiques; Cather simply tells it like it is Duby, Perrot and Pantel. The novels heroine embodies all feminine characters who disregard the complex American West during the time the novel was written. The narratives reveals out the difficulties experienced by women. Grief Freud's theory of Grief and bereavement Grade Course Id, Ego and the Superego or the conscious and the unconscious mind are some of the terms which are well-known by almost every individual.

These words not only point out to the field of Psychology but also to the man who coined them and proposed a new realm of theories behind each of it; Sigmund Freud. He is famous for being the father of psychoanalysis and the techniques of hypnosis, dream interpretation and free association which he has used to successfully treat his patients. Psychology is devoid without Freud. This is not only because of the theories which he proposed but also because of his followers and those who extended his basic concept with a new touch. Freud in all his theories talks about the past to be affecting the present. In other words, the unconscious mind which is the hidden…. The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Freud, S. On narcissism: An introduction.

Standard Edition. Mourning and melancholia. Standard Edition -- Freud, S. The ego and the id. Standard Edition -- Winnicott's clinical experiences in this capacity eventually gave him the raw materials "from which he subsequently built his psychoanalytic theories" Donald Woods Winnicott Winnicott's Influences and Challenges Winnicott's theories and method were far from unchallenged by his professional peers, however, including several renowned European child psychoanalysts who had first immigrated to London during the war years. Among his chief challengers, and major professional competitors of that period were the likes of Melanie Klein and Anna Freud: child analyst Melanie Klein, moved to London in and soon had many followers: Winnicott had further analysis with one of them, Joan iviere.

The Kleinians' belief in the paramount importance, for psychic health, of the first year of a child's life, was shared by Winnicott. But this view diverged somewhat from that of Freud and his daughter Anna herself a child analyst! who both came to London in , refugees from…. References Casement, P. On Learning from the Patient. Goldman, D. Winnicott's Mirror-role of mother and family in child Development. Commentary on Winnicott Article. Retrieved Dec. Rodman, F. The Spontaneous Gesture: Selected Letters of D. Many fellow psychoanalysts, mostly men who were several years her senior, courted her, the most notable of whom was Ernest Jones, the British analyst who is best remembered for being Sigmund Freud's biographer.

The budding romance between the nineteen-year-old Anna and Jones was, however, nipped in the bud by Freud's suspicions and hostility toward Jones' interest in his daughter. Gardner and Stevens, Her Major Contribution Anna Freud's contribution in the fields of 20th century psychiatry and psychoanalysis is second, perhaps, only to that of her father. Her genial nature apart from the quality of her work made her popular among her colleagues despite her professional differences with psychoanalysts such as Melanie Klein. Fine Anna Freud started her writings by translating her father's works into English and helped him to articulate his current works. She, however, had too much intellect to remain under her illustrious father's shadow all her….

Reference "Anna Freud. Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society. html Boeree, Dr. html Gardner, S. Red Vienna and the Golden Age of Psychology, New York: Paraeger Publishers. Freud Museum. Philosophy Sigmund Freud enumerates that the human psyche consists of the unconscious id, the ego which is partly conscious and partly unconscious , and the superego also partly conscious and partly unconscious. At first, a newborn has only an id, which consists of blind drives that seek satisfaction. In a few months, the ego is developed when the newborn experiences resistance and frustration of its drives by the outside world: it realizes that it is separate from that external world and develops a sense of self.

The superego will develop later, when it has internalized the rules, prohibitions and ideals of its parents. In the meantime, the ego is the infant's structure that relates with the outside world on the basis of the reality principle, whereby the developing child learns to weigh its choices according to the consequences. This it does while pursuing or fulfilling the innate pleasure principle, whereby it…. Mead and Freud One of the most fundamental questions for the field of psychology - indeed of all human questing for knowledge - is how it is that we come to be the way that we are. What is it that makes us human? And to what extent is human nature shared and to what extent are we each unique? Two of the founding scholars of the discipline of psychology - Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead - both created models to explain how fundamental and arguably universal human psychic structures developed.

Their models do not entirely refute each other, but they do propose distinctly different interior roadmaps of the human psyche as well as very different pathways by which core psychic structures develop. We may begin by examining Mead's model, which was an Interactionist one. Interactionism was one of the most important developments in psychological as well as educational…. References Freud, S. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: Liveright. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Mead, G. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago. Strauss, ed. On social psychology. Melancholia sat in, as the loss I felt became less and less related to my body. I began to court death first symbolically and then literally. Freud would have noted the presence of the death wish in addition to describing the symptoms of "melancholia," or depression.

Symptoms include "a profoundly painful dejection, cessation of interest in the outside world, loss of the capacity to love, inhibition of all activity," as well as self-loathing Freud , p. The symptoms of depression are skin to the symptoms of mourning the loss of a loved one, with the key difference being that in mourning the reason for the despair is clearer and within the conscious realm. The only means to discover the reason for melancholia is to explore the unconscious realm. My descent into a dark state of mind parallels the stories of Eurydice and Persephone who both longed to remain submerged…. References Downing, C. Looking back at Orpheus. Chapter New York: Universe, Downing, C. Journeys to the underworld. Chapter 13 Gleanings. New York: Universe, Freud, S.

Jung, C. Confrontation with the unconscious. Chapter 6. Memories Dreams, Reflections. revos further states, "…A person's identity is formed through a series of personal experiences, which reflect how the individual is perceived by both him or herself and the outside world -- the phenomeno-logical field. Individuals also have experiences of which they are unaware and the phenomenological field contains both conscious and unconscious perceptions. The concept of the self is, according to Rogers, however, primarily conscious. The most important determinants of behavior are the one's that are conscious or are capable of becoming conscious. Roger argues that a definition of the self that includes a reference to the unconscious as with Freud can not be studied objectively as it can not be directly known.

His aims, unlike Freud, were to allow humanity to return, instead of alienating individuals by placing them in categories…. Prevos, P. Hidden Personalities According to Freud and Rogers. Retrieved September 29,. Ansbacher, Corey, Phillips and Schultz. Freud's Strengths and Weaknesses. Retrieved September 30,. This means that other aspects which could be affecting the mood of the individual such as: a chemical imbalance are overlooked. This is when the chances rise of some kind of misdiagnosis taking place.

As a result, the strengths of this theory will provide everyone with a basic background. However, it cannot be applied to every situation involving patients. Instead, only select elements will offer a better understanding of human behavior. ider, , pp. The desire to move away from pain and into pleasure. This is occurring by feeling positive emotions such as love and companionship. During a clinical setting, this can help to explain human emotion and behavior from a certain basic point-of-view. This is when therapists can…. References Engler, B. Personality Theories. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis. Sioux Falls, SD: Nu Vision Publications.

Greene, R. Human Behavior Theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction. Rider, E. Lifespan Human Development. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Learning. Psychodynamic Approach or Paradigm The Psychodynamic Approach incorporates theories and methods originating with Freud and expanded by his followers. Freud's original approach was referred to as Psychoanalysis; which can be considered both a theory as well as a therapy method. The Psychodynamic Approach is founded upon the influence that internal processes and past experience have in determining a person's personality. These theorists believe that behavior is driven by individual's unconscious urges not necessarily rational thought.

One intuitive illustration of this can be found in the contemporary field of marketing. Advertisements rarely appeal to the rational side of consumers by offering information about products; instead they target to the emotional needs and wants of individuals Samuel, Freud's theories developed from interactions what his patients during treatment sessions. These interactions led Freud to believe that adult behavior is driven by instinctual impulses and desires that originated in their childhood. Most of…. Works Cited Boag, S. Repression, suppression, and conscious awareness. Psychoanalytic Psychology, Samuel, L.

Freud on Madison Avenue: Motivation Research and Subliminal Advertising in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Taylor, E. The Mystery of Personality: A History of Psychodynamic Theories. New York: Springer. Sublimation refers to this channeling of emotional intensity into creative work: to transform basic psychological or sexual urges into sublime revelations. The collective unconscious is a term most commonly associated with the work of Carl Jung, a student of Freud's. Jung posited the existence of a grand database of human thought to which all persons have access.

The idea that there is "nothing new under the sun" reflects the widespread belief in a collective unconscious. Common dreams, shared imagery, and similarity among world religions are extensions of the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious also serves as a wellspring of images, thoughts, sounds, and ideas that artists, musicians, and creative thinkers draw from during the creative process. Archetypes are in fact part of the collective unconscious. Universal symbols or proto-ideas like "mother" or "father" are archetypal. Archetypes are what Plato referred to as the Forms. Jung deepened the theory…. References Nash, J.

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